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Health Knowledge Base

Lab Test Encyclopedia

Understand what your results mean, with reference ranges and clinical significance.

Acid-Base

Anion Gap

Male8–16 (lab-dependent) mmol/L
Female8–16 (lab-dependent) mmol/L

Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)

Male22–29 mmol/L
Female22–29 mmol/L

Cell/Tissue Injury

LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)

Male140–280 U/L
Female135–215 U/L

Diabetes Diagnosis

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

MaleFasting <100; 2-hr <140 mg/dL
FemaleFasting <100; 2-hr <140 mg/dL

Diabetes Monitoring

Fructosamine

Male205–285 µmol/L
Female205–285 µmol/L

Electrolytes

Calcium (Total)

Male8.5–10.5 mg/dL
Female8.5–10.5 mg/dL

Chloride

Male98–107 mmol/L
Female98–107 mmol/L

Magnesium

Male1.7–2.2 mg/dL
Female1.7–2.2 mg/dL

Phosphorus

Male2.5–4.5 mg/dL
Female2.5–4.5 mg/dL

Potassium

Male3.5–5.0 mmol/L
Female3.5–5.0 mmol/L

Sodium

Male136–145 mmol/L
Female136–145 mmol/L

Endocrine

C-Peptide

Male0.8–3.1 (fasting) ng/mL
Female0.8–3.1 (fasting) ng/mL

Fasting Insulin

Male2–20 µIU/mL
Female2–20 µIU/mL

Fluid Balance

Serum Osmolality

Male275–295 mOsm/kg
Female275–295 mOsm/kg

Hormones

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Male15–65 pg/mL
Female15–65 pg/mL

Thyroid Panel (TSH, FT4, FT3, TPOAb, TgAb)

MaleTSH 0.5-4.0 (optimal 1-2); FT4/FT3 per lab varies
FemaleTSH 0.5-4.0 (optimal 1-2); FT4/FT3 per lab varies

Inflammation

CRP (C-Reactive Protein)

Male<3 mg/L
Female<3 mg/L

Homocysteine

Male<15 µmol/L
Female<15 µmol/L

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)

Male<1.0 (optimal <0.5) mg/L
Female<1.0 (optimal <0.5) mg/L

Kidney Function

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

Male8–24 mg/dL
Female6–21 mg/dL

Creatinine

Male0.74–1.35 mg/dL
Female0.59–1.04 mg/dL

eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate)

Male≥90 (normal) mL/min/1.73m²
Female≥90 (normal) mL/min/1.73m²

Uric Acid

Male3.7–8.6 mg/dL
Female2.6–6.0 mg/dL

Lipid Panel

HDL Cholesterol

Male>40 mg/dL
Female>50 mg/dL

LDL Cholesterol

Male<100 mg/dL
Female<100 mg/dL

Total Cholesterol

Male<200 mg/dL
Female<200 mg/dL

Triglycerides

Male<150 mg/dL
Female<150 mg/dL

Lipids

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)

Male<90 (optimal) mg/dL
Female<90 (optimal) mg/dL

Non-HDL Cholesterol

Male<130 mg/dL
Female<130 mg/dL

Liver

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

Male<60 (optimal <20) U/L
Female<45 (optimal <20) U/L

Liver Function

Albumin

Male3.5–5.5 g/dL
Female3.5–5.5 g/dL

ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)

Male40–129 U/L
Female35–104 U/L

ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)

Male9–50 U/L
Female7–35 U/L

AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)

Male10–40 U/L
Female9–32 U/L

Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin

Male0.0–0.3 mg/dL
Female0.0–0.3 mg/dL

Total Bilirubin

Male0.3–1.2 mg/dL
Female0.3–1.2 mg/dL

Bilirubin (Direct & Indirect)

MaleTotal: 0.3–1.2 (Direct: 0.0–0.3) mg/dL
FemaleTotal: 0.3–1.2 (Direct: 0.0–0.3) mg/dL

Metabolic

Fasting Insulin

Male2 - 10 (optimal 2-5) µIU/mL
Female2 - 10 (optimal 2-5) µIU/mL

HOMA-IR (Insulin Resistance Score)

Male<1.0 optimal calculated
Female<1.0 optimal calculated

Metabolic Panel

Glucose (Fasting)

Male70–100 mg/dL
Female70–100 mg/dL

HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)

Male&lt;5.7 %
Female&lt;5.7 %

Mineral Balance

Ionized Calcium

Male1.12–1.32 mmol/L
Female1.12–1.32 mmol/L

Muscle & Cardiac Injury

CK (Creatine Kinase)

Male52–336 U/L
Female38–176 U/L

Protein Status

Prealbumin (Transthyretin)

Male18–45 mg/dL
Female18–45 mg/dL

Total Protein

Male6.0–8.3 g/dL
Female6.0–8.3 g/dL

Vitamin Levels

Vitamin D (25-OH)

Male30–100 ng/mL
Female30–100 ng/mL